GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

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HELLO!!! HOW ARE YOU?

 

IT IS A PLEASURE TO BE WITH YOU AGAIN! AND OF COURSE I WANT TO CONGRATULATE YOU ALL FOR KEEPING ON GOING WITH YOUR ENGLISH CLASSES!!!

IN THIS OPPORTUNITY I HAVE SOME INFORMATION TO SHARE WITH YOU ALL.

IT IS ABOUT THE USE OF HAVE AND MUST BASICALLY.

PLEASE READ THE INFO AND DO THE EXERCISES REQUESTED AT THE END OF THE DOCUMENT

 

Have to – Must, must not/mustn’t

 

Must is a modal auxiliary verb.

Have to is NOT an auxiliary verb (it uses the verb have as a main verb). We include have to here for convenience.

In this lesson we look at these two verbs, followed by a quiz to check your understanding:

  • 1- Have to (objective obligation)
  • 2- Must (subjective obligation)
  • 3- Must not/Mustn’t (prohibition)
  • Have to, Must, Must not Quiz

 

1-   Have to (objective obligation)

We often use have to to say that something is obligatory, for example:

  • Children have to go to school.

 

Structure of Have to

Have to is often grouped with modal auxiliary verbs for convenience, but in fact it is not a modal verb. It is not even an auxiliary verb. In the have to structure, “have” is a main verb. The structure is:

subject + auxiliary verb + have + infinitive (with to)

Look at these examples in the simple tense:

 

subject

auxiliary verb

main verb have

infinitive (with to)

 

+

 She   has to work.  

–

 I do not have to see the doctor.

?

 Did you have to go to school?

 

 

Use of Have to

In general, have to expresses impersonal obligation. The subject of have to is obliged or forced to act by a separate, external power (for example, the Law or school rules). Have to is objective. Look at these examples:

  • In France, you have to drive on the right.
  • In England, most schoolchildren have to wear a uniform.
  • John has to wear a tie at work.

 

In each of the above cases, the obligation is not the subject’s opinion or idea. The obligation is imposed from outside.

We can use have to in all tenses, and also with modal auxiliaries. We conjugate it just like any other main verb. Here are some examples:

  subject auxiliary verb main verb have infinitive  
past simple I   had to work yesterday.
present simple I   have to work today.
future simple I will have to work tomorrow.
present continuous She is having to wait.  
present perfect We have had to change the time.
modal (may) They may have to do it again.

 

 

2-    Must (subjective obligation)

 

We often use must to say that something is essential or necessary, for example:

  • I must go.
  •  

Structure of Must

Must is a modal auxiliary verb. It is followed by a main verb. The structure is:

subject + must + main verb

The main verb is the base verb (infinitive without “to”).

Look at these examples:

subject

auxiliary must

main verb

 
I

must

go

 home.
You

must

visit

 us.
We

must

stop

 now.

 

Like all auxiliary verbs, must CANNOT be followed by to. So, we say:

  • I must go now. (not *I must to go now.)

 

Use of Must

In general, must expresses personal obligation. Must expresses what the speaker thinks is necessary. Must is subjective. Look at these examples:

  • I must stop smoking.
  • You must visit us soon.
  • He must work harder.

In each of the above cases, the “obligation” is the opinion or idea of the person speaking. In fact, it is not a real obligation. It is not imposed from outside.

It is sometimes possible to use must for real obligation, for example a rule or a law. But generally we use have to for this.

We can use must to talk about the present or the future. Look at these examples:

  • I must go now. (present)
  • I must call my mother tomorrow. (future)

We cannot use must to talk about the past. We use have to to talk about the past.

3-    Must not, Mustn’t (prohibition)

 

We use must not to say that something is not permitted or allowed, for example:

  • Passengers must not talk to the driver.

 

 Structure of Must not

Must is an auxiliary verb. It is followed by a main verb. The structure for must not is:

subject + must not + main verb

The main verb is the base verb (infinitive without “to”).

Must not is often contracted to mustn’t.

Look at these examples:

subject

auxiliary must + not

main verb

 
I

mustn’t

forget

 my keys.
You

mustn’t

disturb

 him.
Students

must not

be

 late.

NB: like all auxiliary verbs, must CANNOT be followed by “to”. So, we say:

  • You mustn’t arrive late. (not You mustn’t to arrive late.)
  •  

Use of Must not

Must not expresses prohibition – something that is not permitted, not allowed. The prohibition can be subjective (the speaker’s opinion) or objective (a real law or rule). Look at these examples:

  • I mustn’t eat so much sugar. (subjective)
  • You mustn’t watch so much television. (subjective)
  • Students must not leave bicycles here. (objective)
  • Policemen must not drink on duty. (objective)

We can use must not to talk about the present or the future:

  • Visitors must not smoke. (present)
  • I mustn’t forgetTara’s birthday. (future)

We cannot use must not to talk about the past. We use other structures to talk about the past, for example:

  • We were not allowed to enter.
  • I couldn’t park outside the shop.

 

-ASSIGNMENT-

Based on the information above

1- Write the structure of  HAVE TO  and 3 sentences (1 affirmative, 1 negative and 1 interrogative)

2- Write the structure of MUST and two sentences (1 as personal obligation and 1 as real obligation)

3- Write  the  structure of MUST NOT and one example

     3.1 Can we use  “TO” after MUST or MUST NOT?

     Example: I must to go to the class or  You must not to drink alcohol

      YES______     NO______

     3.2 Can we use MUST to talk about the past?

       YES______    NO______

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